Child Labor Is Work That Harms Children - 1359 Words

What is child labor exactly? Well, child labor is work that harms children and keeps them from attending school. Around the world and in the U.S., growing gaps between rich and poor in recent decades have forced millions or young children out of school and into slavery like work. The international labor organization estimates that 215 million children between the ages 5-17 currently work under conditions that are considered illegal,hazardous, or extremely exploitative. Underage children work all types of jobs around the world usually because they and their families are extremely poor. Large numbers of children work in commercial agriculture,fishing,manufacturing,mining,and domestic service. Some children work illegal activities like drug trafficking and prostitution or other traumatic activities such as serving as soldiers. The other bad things that happen is human trafficking and children being prostitutes There are many different kinds of child labor in Ghana for instance there are children fishing for fish and climbing trees to cut down cocoa pods. One dangerous job is gold mining and children every day are risking their lives. The resources used for mining could cause injuries to children from explosions, rocks falling, and tunnels collapsing. Another danger to the children s health is breathing in dust filled air and toxic gases, that could damage their lungs. These are only a few reasons that child labor should never be used. Another common resource that child laborShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Child Labor In Ghana1583 Words   |  7 Pageslittle ones are destroyed, when child labor is employed. This is one of the famous slogans that shows the severity and the cruelty of child labor. Child labor refers to work that threatens children’s health and safety or deprives their right to education (Herring). Child labor is a serious global issue that the world is facing these days. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), 215 million children worldwide between the ages of five and seventeen work under conditions that are consideredRead MoreEffects Of Child Labor During The Industrial Revolution Versus Modern Europe1713 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Child Labor in the Industrial Revolution versus Modern Europe By: Lariah Thiel â€Æ' Child labor has been a very big problem since the Industrial Revolution. As the world began to industrialize, the demand for labor increased greatly. During the Industrial Revolution child labor became a very important aspect of everyday life because the demand for laborers had grown so much. Families were not only dependent on adults for money, but they were also dependent of their children. Some childrenRead MoreChild Labor During A Nike Factory1666 Words   |  7 PagesCHILD LABOR IN A NIKE FACTORY IN PAKISTAN Abstract This paper especially focuses on the problem of Child Labor in Pakistan with respect to the case of the world-renowned sports brand Nike and its use of children in its factories in Pakistan. A set of laws that can be established to eradicate this evil from Pakistan have been elaborated upon in the paper, these proposals include the Trafficking Victim Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA), the International Human Right Treaty by the General AssemblyRead MorePresident Obamas Child Farm Labor Bill1086 Words   |  4 Pagesactivities and chores. Billed as an anti-child labor act, the bill was quickly censured. As Leven puts it, the proposal drew heavy criticism from rural-state lawmakers and agricultural leaders, who cast the rule as government overreach that would erode the traditional American family. The traditional American family in this case is a rural one, which is an under-represented segment of the population in federal politics. In addition to the way the bill harms tradition al rural life, it would also haveRead Moreâ€Å"When People In The United States Think Of ChildrenS Rights1722 Words   |  7 PagesStates think of children s rights they usually think of children in third world countries who are victims of abusive child labor practices or insurmountable poverty† (Wilson 1). However, in reality it is not just in third world countries, it is also in the United States. From the American colonial period till the mid nineteenth century, child labor has been an important issue. It has taken many years to come to an agreement of the definition of child labor. One way to define child labor is: â€Å"All formsRead MoreFree the Children from Child Labour1517 Words   |  7 PagesFree The Children from Child Labour: The Disadvantageous of Child Labour Two hundred million children are suffering in the world! â€Å"the world has an estimated 186 million child labourers – 5,7 million in forced and bonded labor, 1.8 million in prostitution, and 0.3 million in armed conflict† .( Basu amp; Tzannatos, 2003, p.147). In Africa, Asia and the Middle East, a huge number of children are child labourers, and most of them under 14 years old. However, they are working hard as sameRead MoreDefense Of Globalization Is Beneficial For Every Nation1064 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough trade, direct-foreign investment, short term capital flows, international flows of workers†¦ and flows of technology.† Then he tackles down various issues such as globalization’s effects on domestic and foreign labor market, women’s rights, gender discrimination, child labor abuse, and environmental destruction. The scope of Bhagwati’s book mainly embraces globalization and free trades, his book truly satisfies criti cs on the pro-globalization debate. The first part of the book provides extremeRead MoreEssay on The Aftermath for Children in Child Labor639 Words   |  3 Pagescurrently engaged in child labor. around (85 million) of these children have been defined to work in dangerous conditions. http://www.ilo.org These children must endure things that harm them in so many ways both physically and mentally. These can lead to life-time problems or even death. More effort! According to http://www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu â€Å"Child labor laws around the world are often not enforced many state governments allocate few resources to enforcing child labor laws.† The governmentRead MoreChild Labor Essay960 Words   |  4 Pages Child Labor Child Labor steals the childhood from the children. I am interested in child labor research because I personally experience it. When I lived in Nepal, I worked in a nut factory, and I was only in the fifth grades due to the financial problem. Many kids worked in hotels, in the house, and polished shoes to survive and to support their family, and some of my friends carried loads in building construction. I am curious to know how poverty increases the child labor and how it affects children’sRead MoreThe Effects Of Cheap Labor Bad Jobs At Bad Wages1113 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion child laborers in the world. More than half of them, 85 million, employed at hazardous jobs, according to the International Labour Organization. In the article â€Å"In Praise of Cheap Labor Bad jobs at bad wages are better than no jobs at all†, Paul Krugman Professor of economics at MIT, explains that child labor cannot just be wiped away like so many other distasteful practices. That it take s a perfect storm of economic success and low child labor numbers for a full transition to labor laws that

Philosophy What Is Justice Free Essays

To answer this question I must first define what justice is. Justice is â€Å"the quality of being just, impartial or fair† in your dealings with others according to Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. Keeping that definition in mind, I now must turn to the Voices of Wisdom in order to find an example of a situation in which all parties feel that they are being treated justly. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy: What Is Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now After examining examples such as: Euthanasia, discrimination based on sexual orientation, and equal opportunity offered within the book, it becomes clear to me that there is in fact no possible way for there to be justice for all because everyone’s judgement is in some way or another clouded by their own self interests. Euthanasia, people can decide exactly how they want to live but should we as a society allow them the right to decide exactly how they want to die? On the one hand you have the question â€Å"is it just to kill someone or allow them to die when help is available? † The obvious answer is no of course not. This is a prime example of why there can be no justice for all, because on the other hand you have the question â€Å"is it fair to force someone to live through unbearable pain in anticipation of an agonizing death? † The obvious answer to that question is also no. This is where our self-interests come into play. It is in the patient’s own self interests to die because it will ease her pain, but is not in mine to alleviate her of her life â€Å"because death is final and irreversible†, and because â€Å"euthanasia contains within it the possibility that [I] will work against [my] own interest if [I] practice it or allow it to be practiced on [others]. (J. Gay-Williams, pp. 185). This is why our own self-interests unavoidably will not allow us to have a just society. A society is only as equitable as the treatment accorded its most vulnerable members. Therefore, discrimination against anyone based on his or her sexual orientation is a clear and incurable symptom of an unjust society. For example, should someone’s sexual orientation be grounds for restricting their rights? (Daniel C. Palm) The impartial answer would of course be no, everyone should be treated the same. But we still hear the chant â€Å"No gays or lesbians in the military†. This is because it is in the self interests of the heterosexual people in the military have homosexuals in the military. The injustice of this idea becomes crystal clear when we examine the opposite statement of â€Å"No heterosexuals in the military† an idea that is equally ludicrous. (Kessler, pp. 74) As a result of the way we instinctively treat those that are different because they are seen as a threat, our society is will remain perpetually unjust. (Richard E. Mohr) Because of widespread discrimination based not only on race, but also on sex, religion and sexual preference it is impossible for society to offer each and every individual a perfectly equal chance at opportunities such as hiring, promotion, housing, and educational practices that should be within their reach; as a consequence, it is impossible fo r society to be just for all. According to the formal principle of justice, it is required â€Å"that benefits and burdens be distributed fairly according to relevant differences and similarities. † (Kessler, pp. 175) Using this principle it would seem that affirmative action programs of preferential treatment are in truth unjust to white males in that such programs require that â€Å"all things being equal† preferential treatment should be given to minorities and females which violates the formal principle of justice by not treating equal people equally. On the other hand, â€Å"such preferential treatment programs are often justified by appeal to the principle of compensatory justice, which states that whenever an injustice has happened a just compensation must be made to those who have been injured. † (Kessler, pp. 194) According to that principle affirmative action should be considered just in relationship to minorities. As a result, because equal opportunity legislation is not in accordance with the best self-interests of most white males but it is in accordance with those of most minorities, this is another example of a situation in which injustice is inevitable. After closely examining these three specific situations in which injustice—because of our natural tendency to look after our own best self-interests—is certain, it can be concluded that it is hopeless to try to attain such an idea as a society that is just for all. Because these perpetually unjust situations such as euthanasia, discrimination based on sexual preference, ideas like affirmative action or situations similar to these will most likely permanently exist, a society in which there is justice for all is unreachable. How to cite Philosophy: What Is Justice, Essay examples

Developing Leadership In Turbulent Times - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Developing Leadership Skills Resilience In Turbulent Times? Answer: Introduction Innovation and management decision making skills are two different concepts but have interrelation to each other just like a cause-effect process (Kogan et al. 2017). In the highlighted section, Innovation is the cause which is when used by the leaders in the different organizational practices it produces an effect that inspires the management of decision making. Leadership can be defined as a set of ideal characteristics which can be used for making innovative and strategic decisions (Northouse 2015). Leadership is very important as it helps to make innovative decisions which are very necessary to have a sustained business. The main purpose of this assignment is to analyse the importance of equity alliance in regards to the Etihad Airways. Moreover, the paper also recommends few solutions that could help the Etihad Airways to flourish its business by being with the equity alliance itself. What actions should the new CEO undertake? It has been the strengths of the Etihad Airways that it has successfully imitated the footsteps of Emirates in two ways such as by proving a few long-haul jets and leveraging the location of Abu Dhabi International Airport (Etihad Global 2018). These two factors, in particular, the location-specific facts have helped the company to prosper. The location is one of the favorite stopping points in the Middle East countries for air traffic between Australasia Europe and between Asia Africa (Etihad Global 2018). However, it appears that it has deviated from the Emirates in regards to joint venturing which is termed as one of the profitable strategic alliance modes. Etihad Airways instead has moved with an "equity-based alliance" where alliance companies are dependent on each other for an allowed share in the newly formed alliance company. The strategy has so far not looked very productive and has also been criticized by top airline companies like the Ryanair (Etihad Global 2018). The Etihad Airways has opportunities in the form of a new CEO Tony Douglas. However, it all depends on his decision-making skills and the strategy that will be taken. The new CEO might wish to continue with the same strategy or to adopt a different strategy. Etihad Airways may also face some challenges in the form of one of the partners experiences the financial challenges, ineffective management, information leakage and many others (Hussain, Al Nasser and Hussain 2015). How should the new CEO set an example for others? Apart from a brief analysis of the Etihad Airways, industry analysis in the UAE may also present a clearer picture of the opportunities and the issues that the Etihad Airways will face in the future. The entrant of a new airline company in the Middle East circle is comparatively challenging (Hussain, Al Nasser and Hussain 2015). This means the future competition will largely be related to the strategic alliance policy rather than any other new strategies. The power of suppliers is higher as the suppliers are very few in numbers. Moreover, the bargaining power of suppliers is quite higher in the airline industry (Hussain, Al Nasser and Hussain 2015). The bargaining power of airline companies in the Middle East countries is very low (Hussain, Al Nasser and Hussain 2015). The involvement of advanced technology and a strategic capability will then be highly needed for being cost-effective and acquiring a highly profitable venture. These strategies will provide the much-needed competitive advantage. The threat of substitutes can be regarded as low as a quick arrival to the destination is becoming a symbol in both the domestic and the international circle (Hussain, Al Nasser and Hussain 2015). Competition can be regarded as very high because Emirates is far much ahead to Etihad in terms of aircraft and the carriers (Hussain, Al Nasser and Hussain 2015). . The new CEO of the Etihad Airways should necessarily analyze the competency of the equity alliance that it supports over the joint venturing. Nevertheless, joint venturing looks much more competitive than the equity-based alliance. This is due to a fact that in an equity-based alliance only percentage of stakes are bought in the other airline companies from a different country of origin. This provides a chance to enhance the operation area and the net revenues; however, this does not allow access to resources of the partner company which is a part of joint venture indeed (Roy, Sana and Chaudhuri 2015). On the other hand, the joint venture will require a much bigger investment than the equity-based investments of the Etihad Airways (Roy, Sana and Chaudhuri 2015). This is due to all such complexity it is advisable that the new CEO of Etihad should necessarily analyze the competency level of the company. This will ensure whether to continue with the same strategic alliance or switch ove r to a joint venture. What should be the new vision of the future? The existing vision of the Etihad Airways is focused on facilitating a changing environment when needed and exploring a truly 21st-century experience to customers (Holmberg, Larsson and Bckstrm 2016). The vision for future should remain the same as it has necessary elements that are needed to become competitive at the global level. However, there have been some issues with the execution of the vision so far. The new CEO of the company should strive to the best in order to meet with the contents mentioned in the vision statements. Most importantly, there is a need to Inspire a Shared Vision to have a positive change in the market reputation for the Etihad Airways. However, this is indeed a challenge to foster a shared vision at the organizational level (Iturrioz, Aragn and Narvaiza 2015). To facilitate a shared vision, leaders must first make up their mind for that as without being involved in the process things will not happen. At the next stage, it is important that the leaders have the required skills in him or her to support the facilitation of a work environment where the visions are shared (Iturrioz, Aragn and Narvaiza 2015). How could the new CEO inspire others toward a common purpose? The new CEO of the Etihad Airways need to focus a lot on making the personal or organizational vision shared with the others. This will make the others feel happy and attached to the organizational values. The Etihad Airways may have several benefits of implementing a shared vision at the organizational level. The first and foremost benefit may come in the form of dedication to works from employees (Roueche, Baker III and Rose 2014). They may feel attached to the organizational values. Additionally, this will also facilitate the teamwork which is extensively necessary to successfully complete a project. Employees may be able to deliver their best to potentials which are not the case where a shared vision does not exist (Roueche, Baker III and Rose 2014). According to the authors Holmberg, Larsson and Bckstrm (2016), leadership skills set the examples for employees and the others in the concerned organization. In the light of the mentioned-facts, it can be assumed that executing the l eadership skills will be the advisable move now for the new CEO of the Etihad Airways. This will not only ensure a change in strategy but will also set examples for the management and the employees. As opined by Holmberg, Larsson, and Bckstrm (2016), this can be said that if leadership examples are noteworthy in organizations, this helps to motivate the participation of the management and the employees. How would you create an environment that promotes creativity and risk? There are numerous harms of not having a shared vision at the organizational level. The first and foremost harm may be experienced in employees having less dedication to the organizational values. There may be some employees who in such situations may feel like they have the only purpose to serve their needs which is to have good perks and benefits. They will feel attached to the organizational vision if their needs are satisfied or else (Roueche, Baker III and Rose 2014). When vision is not shared at the organizational level this may mean an authoritarian leadership institute where employees are forced to do works or sometimes the extra work (Holmberg, Larsson and Bckstrm 2016). Employees are pressurized to work for longer than their normal duty hours which are an open invitation to employee turnover. Additionally, few employees may also commit suicide as it may be an intolerable situation for them and they have no other options also (Roueche, Baker III and Rose 2014). How would you build a cohesive and spirited team? Leadership failure to explore a social work environment may result in big losses. This can be understood from an example of Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer who failed in executing a cohesive work environment (Fortune 2018). The CEO had faced a continued sag in the profits. The expensive magazines were being slashed which had previously been launched as her central strategy. Most importantly, the CEO had failed to understand the importance of a shared vision which is evident in her strategy that was confined to retain its key employees only (Fortune 2018). However, a shared vision indeed gives values to every single employee. The analysis of the Etihad Airways and the industry analysis have helped to find some factors of which some may be the opportunities for the Etihad and the rest can be the issues. However, in addition to this, there can be some other issues as well as loss of competencies, information leakage, loss of operational control, partners quality performance and others. In other words, it can be said that the existing alliance strategy might produce some challenges in future. On the other hand, the alliance strategy that Etihad has may exhibit some real benefits in future like the speed to market, reduction of political risk while entering a new market and others How would you share power yet maintain accountability? The example just validates a point that the Etihad Airways need to have an effective leadership exploration from the new CEO of the company. The new CEO, as discussed earlier, needs to focus on implementing a shared vision at the organizational level. The shared vision might produce some results that have not happened yet. There are probabilities that an equity-based alliance approach of the company is not competitive. There are speculations also regarding the alliance strategy of the new CEO like whether the CEO will continue with the same or will adopt a different alliance strategy. A socially oriented environment will be required in order to attain the recommended target. Such an environment will be created by sharing the vision at the organizational level and by letting the others realize that they are also an integral part of the organization (Iturrioz, Aragn and Narvaiza 2015). How would you build a sense of wellbeing? The speculations should find its answer in a cohesive work environment which is formed from a shared vision at the organization-wide. This means that the new CEO should first look for forming a cohesive work environment while following some recommended strategies. Moreover, after the advised span of time, the CEO may be able to decide whether to continue with the same alliance strategy or adopting a new strategy. Strategic alliances have been the key factors to further the business in the irrespective of the industries. Airline industry like any other industry is also inspired from the same fact; however, different airline companies follow the different alliance strategies like the joint venture or the equity-based alliances (Albers, Wohlgezogen and Zajac 2016). Recommendations The new CEO of the Etihad Airways should give emphasis on forming a cohesive work environment. This will help the organization to get the collective supports of others as well. Moreover, such change may foster innovative thoughts at the organizational level. Innovation is indeed important to enhance the competency level in the airline industry. The Etihad Airways needs to develop a creative work environment where employees have associated values to the organizational vision. The next recommendation will be to select a few more partners that may be supportive in fulfilling the short-term goals. This may produce some changed results. Additionally, there is a need to share appropriate information with the partners. A reliance on partners in this regard will not be advisable. The Etihad Airways should also look for monitoring the equity-based alliance in short-term. This is advised as the time span will allow the new CEO of the company to monitor the difference of implementing a shared vision at the organizational level. Conclusion To conclude, this can be said that the new CEO of the Etihad Airways should look for creating a cohesive work environment where others will also be involved in the shared organizational vision. The observance of change after implementing the shared vision may be decisive for the new CEO. The new CEO should be able to make decisions after the advised time span on whether to continue with the equity alliance or change to a new alliance strategy. The advised time span is indicated towards a short-term period. References: Albers, S., Wohlgezogen, F. and Zajac, E.J., 2016. Strategic alliance structures: An organization design perspective.Journal of Management,42(3), pp.582-614. Etihad Global. 2018.Enjoy great fares on flights and holidays from India to the world - Etihad.com. [online] Available at: https://www.etihad.com/en-in/ [Accessed 13 Feb. 2018]. Fortune. 2018.The World's 19 Most Disappointing Leaders. [online] Available at: https://fortune.com/2016/03/30/most-disappointing-leaders/ [Accessed 13 Feb. 2018]. Holmberg, R., Larsson, M. and Bckstrm, M., 2016. Developing leadership skills and resilience in turbulent times: A quasi-experimental evaluation study.Journal of Management Development,35(2), pp.154-169. Hussain, R., Al Nasser, A. and Hussain, Y.K., 2015. Service quality and customer satisfaction of a UAE-based airline: An empirical investigation.Journal of Air Transport Management,42, pp.167-175. Iturrioz, C., Aragn, C. and Narvaiza, L., 2015. How to foster shared innovation within SMEs' networks: Social capital and the role of intermediaries.European Management Journal,33(2), pp.104-115. Kogan, L., Papanikolaou, D., Seru, A. and Stoffman, N., 2017. Technological innovation, resource allocation, and growth.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,132(2), pp.665-712. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Roueche, P.E., Baker III, G.A. and Rose, R.R., 2014.Shared vision: Transformational leadership in American community colleges. Rowman Littlefield. Roy, A., Sana, S.S. and Chaudhuri, K., 2015. A joint venturing of single supplier and single retailer under variable price, promotional effort and service level.Pacific Science Review B: Humanities and Social Sciences,1(1), pp.8-14.

Symbolism in the awakening Essay Example For Students

Symbolism in the awakening Essay The Awakening contains many symbolic features, such as the way Edna uses art, the birds(the parrot and the mockingbird), sleep, music, and the houses Edna Pontellier lives in, butperhaps two of the most significant symbols are the clothes in the novel, not only of Edna,but also the other characters, and the water, whether it be the ocean, the gulf, or the sea. These two symbols are possibly the most significant because of their direct relationship toEdna Pontellier. Both the water and her clothes have the power to not only emphasize, buthelp show exactly how and what Edna is feeling. We will write a custom essay on Symbolism in the awakening specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Clothes appear to have significant meaning in The Awakening, enough so that theyare mentioned at almost every description of the characters. Edna Pontellier starts the novelfully dressed and appropriately dressed for a woman of her responsibilities, however, at herfinal moment, she is naked on the beach. Other women in the story also represent theirposition and the way they feel in the way they dress. For example, Madmoiselle Reisznever changes her clothes. This could possibly symbolize her physical detachment fromanything around her, including nature and any suppressed feelings. In contrast, Ednasclothes represent her physical attachment to society. She sheds her clothes the way a snakesheds its skin when it is time for a new one and it does not fit into the old one any longer. Edna doesnt feel like she can fit into society any longer. Madmoiselle Reisz, on the otherhand, does not seem to have any desire to be more than what she has been given in thesociety in which she lives. There fore, she does not change her clothes, because she does notfeel the need for change in her life. Other characters, such as Madame Leburn always have new clothes to cover theirbodies. This could, perhaps, represent the constant need to cover their sexuality as women insuppressed roles as wives and mothers. Ednas nakedness at the end of the novel symbolizesher freedom from any claims her children may have on her and shows how her lack of clothesis equal to her lack of responsibility, of her family and the 1890s society. The Ocean is a clear symbol of freedom for Edna. The water is where Edna feelsreplenished and she begins to realize that she is not satisfied with her life and roles as wifeand mother. This happens on the day she learns to swim, which is something she had wantedto accomplish all summer. By learning to swim, she is empowered and becomes moreself-aware, of not only her sexuality, but also of who she is and not who society says sheThe water in The Awakening could be seen to symbolize Ednas rebirth into a moreassertive woman. Every time she enters the water, she gets stronger, until finally her strengthis more powerful than her love for her children, or her life. At this point she goes so far outto sea, that the water takes back the strength it had geven her. Both the water and the clothes in the novel are very important symbols, both helpingto emphasize Edna Pontelliers new life. She starts the novel as a very suppressed woman(fully clothed) and covered by society and its strict roles, and then ends naked as if she isescaping the restricted boundaries of her clothes and of society. The water is a constantsource of new life for Edna, and as her clothes are removed to go into the water, they arereplaced by a more greater sense of power and energy, the freedom that the water has helpedBibliography:

Biography of Vincent Van Gogh

Biography of Vincent Van Gogh Free Online Research Papers Vincent Van Gogh was probably one of the most influential post-impressionist by taking the bright colors and style of painting and incorporating them into his own unique style. Van Gogh produced most of his work in the last ten years of his life and some of his most famous works in the last two years of his life before he committed suicide. Vincent Van Gogh was born in Groot-Zundert, Holland. He was the son of a pastor and was raised in a cultured and religious household. Vincent from the get go was very emotional and unstable. He had very little self confidence and met many unstable relationships and friendships and bounced around from job to job. Van Gogh was born on March 30th, 1853, his mother was Anna Cornelia Carbentus and his father was Reverend Theodorus van Gogh. His father was the reverend of the protestant church in Groot-Zundert, Holland. He had three sisters Elisabeth, Anna and Wil, he also had two brothers Theo and Cor. Van Gogh was a quiet child showed very little interest in anything. Van Gogh did not have a typical education. In 1870 he was hired by the Hague gallery, he just sixteen years old. Three years later van Gogh was transferred to London by the Goupil et Cie and then two years after being sent to London he was sent to Paris. After being transferred to Paris van Gogh decided that he was going to become a pastor like his father. He went to school for a little bit but then left school to start a ministry with a group of miners in Borinage. This time of his life would later influence his works such as The Potato Eaters, he became fascinated with depicting the peasant life. After leaving the mi ners, with the push of his brother Theo, van Gogh became a painter. He was met with resistance by his own doubt and the doubt of his parents. His brother supported him morally and finically. When van Gogh began painting he had no formal training or open artistic talent. With the help of being pushed by Theo, Vincent van Gogh would become one of the most famous painters of his time. He evolved from this self doubting young man to a brilliant, but troubled, mind. Van Gogh had many mental illness battles. Vincent moved back home at age 27 after completing 9 months of further education. When he returned home he began to teach himself to draw, he used different techniques and styles. He also experimented with different subject matter. He also mastered perspective, shading and anatomy. His early works relate back to the peasant life he lived among the miners as their pastor. At the end of the year van Gogh was receiving art lessons from his cousin Anton Mauve. During the time of being taught by Mauve he met and fell in love with a prostitute, whom had a child out of wedlock and currently pregnant. This caused a strain on the friendship of van Gogh and Mauve, which e ventually dissolved. The prostitute would become a subject in his paintings when possible. He broke off the relationship and soon moved to Drenthe following Mauve and other artists of the time, he lost interest there and moved back home to his parents. Van Gogh during his time home tried to model his works after the famous French artist Jean-Franqois Millet. Millet was famous for his paintings of peasant life. He began to master weathered features of his peasant subjects. This was his way of showing the hard commoners life doing manual labor. In 1885 van Gogh decided to enroll in an art academy in Antwerp. He learned about Peter Paul Rubens an various Japanese artists which influenced his future work immensely. Theo and Vincent moved in together in Paris in early 1886 where he was immersed in the modern art from impressionism and post impressionism. Van Gogh used the bright pallet and dropped the his older darker pallet and researched the Japanese style of art. Vincent and Paul Gauguin, who he met in Paris, moved to Arles in 1888. Around this time van Gogh’s mental illness began to take hold. He chased Gauguin around with a knife and later that same day he cut his ear off. Van Gogh spent some time in a mental institution and during this time Gauguin packed up and left. At the end of 1888 van Gogh left to go to an asylum in Saint-Remy-de- Provence, here his works became a torrent of activity. He was unable to go for long periods of time painting or drawing with out suffering an attack. While committed though, van Gogh painted one of his most famous works, Starry Night, some say that the swirly-ness of the painting is about his mental state of the time because during his stint in the asylum most of his work uses that technique. Upon leaving the asylum van Gogh contacted his brother Theo. This time of his life is when he began to produce massive amounts of work, about a painting a day. Van Gogh was still deeply troubled, he be lieved that his life a was a failure and that it was a complete waste. On july 27, 1890 van Gogh attempted suicide by shooting himself in the chest. He survived the intial attempt but shortly died two days later from complications of the wound. His brother Theo was collecting all of Vincent’s work from Paris and various other places died six months after his brother. Theo’s wife made it her job to get Vincent Van Gogh the recognition that she felt he deserved. She took all of his works to Holland and published them and van Gogh became famous almost instantly. Even today everyone know who Vincent Van Gogh was. Vincent led a very troubled and tragic life. He fought mental illness everyday and rejection from many people. He had the support of his brother, Theo, and that was it. His tragedies translated into amazing artwork, artwork that is still capturing the fascination of millions and millions of people today. Many of his works are in public museums to be enjoyed by the general masses and others are privately owned. â€Å"The Cypress shown in the 1890 Salon des Independents in Paris, was painted in late June 1889, after Van Gogh began his year-long stint at the asylum in Saint-Remy .the painting is an oil on canvas. The motif, which van Gogh found as beautiful of line and both captivated and challenged Vincent. The way the painting is done is interesting and also hard to understand how he pulled it off. The cypress itself is the only dark, black object in the painting, he makes the Cypress stand, jump out. It contrasts the sunny and happy landscape happening in the back. Cypresses and Wheat Field with Cypresses were intended as part of a series of cypresses that would be the opposite but also equivalent of the sunflower paintings Van Gogh had painted earlier in Arles. Cypresses was painted using the same technique that van Gogh used during his time spent at Saint- Remy, the swirl-y-ness. The type of technique he used in this painting some say show his mental decline. This painting was one of the first he painted while committed. Some believe this is why it is not as swirl-y as his later paintings in the asylum. The painting was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1949. The Flowering Orchard belongs to a series of fourteen blossoming orchards that Van Gogh painted in spring 1888, in Arles, where he worked from 1888 until 1889. The painting is an oil on canvas. The painting, which includes a scythe and rake, is one of only two orchards that hint to human presence or labor. The motif and Van Goghs stylized treatment are related to Japanese prints, that he had study after returning to live in france. This series of paintings shows his view on nature and also how he sees that nature shouldn’t be infringed upon by humans. He feels that it is in all of its glory with out man coming along and messing with it. He shows the tree at its most beautiful state, in full bloom at the height of spring. He immortalizes the beauty of the blossoms and the tree. This was done in many Japanese artworks. This painting was sold to Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1955. The Potato Peeler is one of Van Gogh’s earlier paintings. In this painting he uses a much darker pallet. This was painted in 1885, and is an oil on canvas. It is painted in a fractured way. The figure is also very blockish in the painting. She is also very solemn looking. This was before van Gogh studied the Japanese art and impressionist and post impressionist movement. He painted this among his series of paintings after the peasant life he led as a minister in the mining community of Borinage. This painting shows how the hard life of the poor affected van Gogh’s view on life. He saw these people as hard working, weathered, aged people. After he left Borinage he studied other types of art. He mastered many types of painting and is well known for his use of color and different techniques. This painting is currently housed in Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vincent Van Gogh led a very hard and troubled life. He battle mental disease his entire life. He also was very unstable from job to job. He was dismissed from Borinage where he rubbed people the wrong way. He did not like working for the art gallery. Van Gogh’s parents were not very supportive of his wanting to paint, it was his brother, Theo, who pushed him and helped him find his true passion. The works that van Gogh produced still today captivate people around the world. As you look at the paintings from each period of his life, from living poor to being in the asylum, you see how each situation affected him greatly. He painted very dark and aged figures during his time spent in Borinage. Then he painted on a brighter pallet when he lived in France. Finally when in the asylum he combined the bright and dark and used a very unconventional painting technique. Van Gogh is one of the most famous, if not the most famous, post impressionist painters of the world. Research Papers on Biography of Vincent Van GoghPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseHip-Hop is ArtComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Never Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThree Concepts of PsychodynamicQuebec and CanadaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayStandardized Testing Biography of Vincent Van Gogh Free Online Research Papers Vincent Van Gogh was probably one of the most influential post-impressionist by taking the bright colors and style of painting and incorporating them into his own unique style. Van Gogh produced mostof his work in the last ten years of his life and some of his most famous works in the last two years of his life before he committed suicide. Vincent Van Gogh was born in Groot-Zundert, Holland. He was the son of a pastor and was raised in a cultured and religious household. Vincent from the get go was very emotional and unstable. He had very little self confidence and met many unstable relationships and friendships and bounced around from job to job. Van Gogh was born on March 30th, 1853, his mother was Anna Cornelia Carbentus and his father was Reverend Theodorus van Gogh. His father was the reverend of the protestant church in Groot-Zundert, Holland. He had three sisters Elisabeth, Anna and Wil, he also had two brothers Theo and Cor. Van Gogh was a quiet child showed very little interest in anything. Van Gogh did not have a typical education. In 1870 he was hired by the Hague gallery, he just sixteen years old. Three years later van Gogh was transferred to London by the Goupil et Cie and then two years after being sent to London he was sent to Paris. After being transferred to Paris van Gogh decided that he was going to become a pastor like his father. He went to school for a little bit but then left school to start a ministry with a group of miners in Borinage. This time of his life would later influence his works such as The Potato Eaters, he became fascinated with depicting the peasant life. After leaving the miners, with th e push of his brother Theo, van Gogh became a painter. He was met with resistance by his own doubt and the doubt of his parents. His brother supported him morally and finically. When van Gogh began painting he had no formal training or open artistic talent. With the help of being pushed by Theo, Vincent van Gogh would become one of the most famous painters of his time. He evolved from this self doubting young man to a brilliant, but troubled, mind. Van Gogh had many mental illness battles. Vincent moved back home at age 27 after completing 9 months of further education. When he returned home he began to teach himself to draw, he used different techniques and styles. He also experimented with different subject matter. He also mastered perspective, shading and anatomy. His early works relate back to the peasant life he lived among the miners as their pastor. At the end of the year van Gogh was receiving art lessons from his cousin Anton Mauve. During the time of being taught by Mauve he met and fell in love with a prostitute, whom had a child out of wedlock and currently pregnant. This caused a strain on the friendship of van Gogh and Mauve, which eventually d issolved. The prostitute would become a subject in his paintings when possible. He broke off the relationship and soon moved to Drenthe following Mauve and other artists of the time, he lost interest there and moved back home to his parents. Van Gogh during his time home tried to model his works after the famous French artist Jean-Franqois Millet. Millet was famous for his paintings of peasant life. He began to master weathered features of his peasant subjects. This was his way of showing the hard commoners life doing manual labor. In 1885 van Gogh decided to enroll in an art academy in Antwerp. He learned about Peter Paul Rubens an various Japanese artists which influenced his future work immensely. Theo and Vincent moved in together in Paris in early 1886 where he was immersed in the modern art from impressionism and post impressionism. Van Gogh used the bright pallet and dropped the his older darker pallet and researched the Japanese style of art. Vincent and Paul Gauguin, who he met in Paris, moved to Arles in 1888. Around this time van Gogh’s mental illness began to take hold. He chased Gauguin around with a knife and later that same day he cut his ear off. Van Gogh spent some time in a mental institution and during this time Gauguin packed up and left. At the end of 1888 van Gogh left to go to an asylum in Saint-Remy-de- Provence, here his works became a torrent of activity. He was unable to go for long periods of time painting or drawing with out suffering an attack. While committed though, van Gogh painted one of his most famous works, Starry Night, some say that the swirly-ness of the painting is about his mental state of the time because during his stint in the asylum most of his work uses that technique. Upon leaving the asylum van Gogh contacted his brother Theo. This time of his life is when he began to produce massive amounts of work, about a painting a day. Van Gogh was still deeply troubled, he believed tha t his life a was a failure and that it was a complete waste. On july 27, 1890 van Gogh attempted suicide by shooting himself in the chest. He survived the intial attempt but shortly died two days later from complications of the wound. His brother Theo was collecting all of Vincent’s work from Paris and various other places died six months after his brother. Theo’s wife made it her job to get Vincent Van Gogh the recognition that she felt he deserved. She took all of his works to Holland and published them and van Gogh became famous almost instantly. Even today everyone know who Vincent Van Gogh was. Vincent led a very troubled and tragic life. He fought mental illness everyday and rejection from many people. He had the support of his brother, Theo, and that was it. His tragedies translated into amazing artwork, artwork that is still capturing the fascination of millions and millions of people today. Many of his works are in public museums to be enjoyed by the general masses and others are privately owned. â€Å"The Cypress shown in the 1890 Salon des Independents in Paris, was painted in late June 1889, after Van Gogh began his year-long stint at the asylum in Saint-Remy .the painting is an oil on canvas. The motif, which van Gogh found as beautiful of line and both captivated and challenged Vincent. The way the painting is done is interesting and also hard to understand how he pulled it off. The cypress itself is the only dark, black object in the painting, he makes the Cypress stand, jump out. It contrasts the sunny and happy landscape happening in the back. Cypresses and Wheat Field with Cypresses were intended as part of a series of cypresses that would be the opposite but also equivalent of the sunflower paintings Van Gogh had painted earlier in Arles. Cypresses was painted using the same technique that van Gogh used during his time spent at Saint- Remy, the swirl-y-ness. The type of technique he used in this painting some say show his mental decline. This painting was one of the first he painted while committed. Some believe this is why it is not as swirl-y as his later paintings in the asylum. The painting was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1949. The Flowering Orchard belongs to a series of fourteen blossoming orchards that Van Gogh painted in spring 1888, in Arles, where he worked from 1888 until 1889. The painting is an oil on canvas. The painting, which includes a scythe and rake, is one of only two orchards that hint to human presence or labor. The motif and Van Goghs stylized treatment are related to Japanese prints, that he had study after returning to live in france. This series of paintings shows his view on nature and also how he sees that nature shouldn’t be infringed upon by humans. He feels that it is in all of its glory with out man coming along and messing with it. He shows the tree at its most beautiful state, in full bloom at the height of spring. He immortalizes the beauty of the blossoms and the tree. This was done in many Japanese artworks. This painting was sold to Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1955. The Potato Peeler is one of Van Gogh’s earlier paintings. In this painting he uses a much darker pallet. This was painted in 1885, and is an oil on canvas. It is painted in a fractured way. The figure is also very blockish in the painting. She is also very solemn looking. This was before van Gogh studied the Japanese art and impressionist and post impressionist movement. He painted this among his series of paintings after the peasant life he led as a minister in the mining community of Borinage. This painting shows how the hard life of the poor affected van Gogh’s view on life. He saw these people as hard working, weathered, aged people. After he left Borinage he studied other types of art. He mastered many types of painting and is well known for his use of color and different techniques. This painting is currently housed in Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vincent Van Gogh led a very hard and troubled life. He battle mental disease his entire life. He also was very unstable from job to job. He was dismissed from Borinage where he rubbed people the wrong way. He did not like working for the art gallery. Van Gogh’s parents were not very supportive of his wanting to paint, it was his brother, Theo, who pushed him and helped him find his true passion. The works that van Gogh produced still today captivate people around the world. As you look at the paintings from each period of his life, from living poor to being in the asylum, you see how each situation affected him greatly. He painted very dark and aged figures during his time spent in Borinage. Then he painted on a brighter pallet when he lived in France. Finally when in the asylum he combined the bright and dark and used a very unconventional painting technique. Van Gogh is one of the most famous, if not the most famous, post impressionist painters of the world. Research Papers on Biography of Vincent Van GoghPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseHip-Hop is ArtComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Never Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThree Concepts of PsychodynamicQuebec and CanadaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayStandardized Testing

Idioms and Expressions in English Using Work

Idioms and Expressions in English Using Work The following idioms and expressions use the noun / verb work. Each idiom or expression has a definition and two example sentences to help your  understanding of these common idiomatic expressions with work. English Idioms and Expressions All in a days work Definition: nothing special, part of the routine Dont worry about it. Its all in a days work.Cooking is all in a days work. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Definition: Idiom meaning that you need to have fun in order to be a happy, healthy person Go home! Remember: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Im worried about him. He hasnt yet understood that all work and no play makes jack a dull boy. Dirty work Definition: Necessary, but uninteresting, or difficult work He did the dirty work on that project.Have you got around to doing the dirty work yet? Get down to work Definition: Stop relaxing, focus on important task Hey, lets get down to work here!Sorry, Ive got to get off the phone and get down to work. Get worked up over something Definition: become angry or annoyed about something He got all worked up over the last exam.Dont get worked up over the garden. Ill take care of it tomorrow. Make short work of something Definition: do something quickly I made short work of the assignment and moved on to the next job.Give it to John. Hell make short work of it. Work like a horse Definition: work a lot, work very hard Janet works like a horse!Why dont you ask Tom. He works like a horse. Work out for the best Definition: eventually finish well Dont worry about your problems. Everything will work out for the best.The divorce worked out for the best for the whole family. Work something off Definition: lose weight Im going running to work dinner off.She went to the gym to work off a few pounds. Throw a monkey wrench in the works Definition: cause a disturbance in something that seems clear and understandable I hate to throw a monkey wrench in the works, but dont you think we should ask Andy to help.Everything was set to go when Jack threw a monkey wrench in the works!

Trace out the events leading to hyperinflation in either Germany from Research Paper

Trace out the events leading to hyperinflation in either Germany from 1922-1923, Hungary 1945-1946, or Zimbabwe from 2007-2008 - Research Paper Example Monetary policy in this case refers to the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money through interest rates in order to promote economic growth and stability (Eyler 15). Inflation is a monetary phenomenon which if it intensifies leads to hyperinflation like has been experienced in various countries over the years. Hyperinflation was defined by Cagan in 1956 as a â€Å"price level increase of at least 50% per month (Eppel et al. 33). It begins when monthly inflation rates exceed 50% and ends in the month before the rate falls below 50% and must remain so for at least a year. For example in Zimbabwe, it started in March 2007 and ended when the country abandoned its currency in February 2009. So what causes this hyperinflation despite there being monetary authorities to monitor the monetary policy? This will be the subject our study and the main focus will be on hyperinflation in Zimbabwe from 2007-2008 especially being the first country in twent y-first century to experience inflation and the second in the world hyperinflation record books (Hanke 2013 n.p). Literature Review Hyperinflation as stated earlier is the period beginning when inflation exceeds 50% and ending the month before inflation falls below 50%. Hyperinflation is not a new phenomenon as it began in France during the French revolution in 1795. During this incident the monthly inflation shot up to 143% (Koech 1). Koech also observed that hyperinflation occurred 28 times in the twentieth century especially due to the two world wars and transition from communism to market-based economies. However, Zimbabwe was the first to experience hyperinflation in the twenty-first century. It was also the 30th occurrence and the continent’s second after Congo in the 1991-1994. Hyperinflation is often attributed to wars, political mismanagement, and transition from command to market-based economies. However, no researcher has ever fully documented any case of hyperinfl ation due to difficulties in recording and publication of reliable inflation statistics. Most countries do not record such instances to avoid worsening the situation but Hanke did try to develop a Hyperinflation Index for Zimbabwe (HHIZ) based on market based price data (Hanke n.p). Inflation is regarded as general price level increases in the economy caused by a variety of factors but we shall be concerned with the monetary side of the economy. The monetary policy is used by economies to control money supply and money demand hence economic stability. This entails keeping inflation at the lowest as possible through control of interest rates. Monetary policy can either be expansionary or contractionary. Expansionary policy is aimed at lowering interest rates to attract investments thus combat unemployment during recession while contractionary policy is increasing interest rates hence slow inflation (Carbaugh 396). This is not difficult in a domestic economy. The problem comes in an o pen economy where international transactions are involved. Here, the exchange rate is very vital especially as they are very volatile and also determine balance of payment between nations. The exchange regime in place determines the ability of authorities to control inflation in the country. In a floating exchange

Lean Learn Outcome Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lean Learn Outcome - Assignment Example The case reports that the scrape rate for each operation stands at 10%. Hence, this is a crucial source of waste in the case study. Over processing involves the extra operations such as reprocessing or rework on products mainly due to the fact that there are defects. To the case study, this is also a potential source of waste as at any time the effects of defects can be experienced (Palevich, 2012). Transport waste refers to the unnecessary movement of production materials from one place to another. It is an existing source of waste in the case. This is because the employees at the company usually have to transfer raw materials from one point to another in the company (Palevich, 2012). This entails the inactivity periods that a company experiences in a downstream process. It usually occurs because of untimely delivery of output by an upstream activity. As seen in the case study, this is an existing source of waste particularly in delivering goods to customers (Palevich, 2012). This refers to the under utilization of employee capabilities. It also includes delegation of tasks while employees have undergone inadequate training. As indicated in the case study, the annual employee turnover stands at only 25%. Thus, skills is an existing source of waste in the case (Palevich, 2012). b) For one or more of the sources of waste identified in part a) write a one paragraph description of what you would do as Operations Manager to reduce or eliminate this waste. It consequently results into excessive production of products along with excess costs for inventory carrying. As the operations manager, I would apply a well-organized approach towards reduction and elimination of skills as a source of waste. As indicated earlier, waste in skills is experienced due to under utilization of employee capabilities. It is also caused by inadequate training of employees and yet delegating tasks to them. On this regard, I will begin by coming up with a clear outline of the tasks

Diversity Training Essay Example for Free

Diversity Training Essay Research diversity training programs and their effectiveness. Discuss the purpose of diversity training and review the types of programs that are most effective in meeting goals for improving diversity within organizations. Diversity training is recommended to provide employees with the knowledge and skills to effectively communicate and relate to shareholders of different ethnicity, gender, mannerisms, sexual orientation, religion, and age. Diversity training has a positive impact on the company because it helps employees to respond more sensitively to differences in the workplace. Employees will become more aware of their actions, and mannerisms with others in the workplace. Also, it may be necessary to train managers in diversity in order to comply with the equal opportunity/affirmative action laws. Managers that are trained can effectively address diversity issues in the workplace (Reasons for Diversity, n.d.). Diversity training is effective if employees can recognize the advantages of becoming a culturally diverse workplace. Advantages can include; attracting and retaining valuable employees, increased innovation and creativity, and improved team performance. Organizations that encompass diversity can provide a better service or product if employees can understand their customer’s culture and background. The most effective approach for improving workplace diversity is to create a program to promote diversity hiring. A position or task force should be created who’s primarily responsibility is to oversee diversity hiring and training. Typically, diversity training is effectively taught through group exercises, role play, lectures, and video presentations. In conjunction with diversity training programs, the organization should promote employee involvement through diversity committees, diversity staff positions, and affirmative action plans (Rolander, n.d.). When employees are more involved, they become more aware of their actions and the actions of others to help promote diversity. References: Reasons for diversity training. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2010, from Ehow website: http://www.ehow.com/facts_4912414_reasons-diversity-training.html Rolander, G.-C. (n.d.). Creating effective diversity policies . In Divesity central. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from http://www.diversitycentral.com/ diversity_practitioners/research_07_04.html What are the ways an organization can identify managers with dysfunctional behaviors? Once these managers are identified, describe the various actions that could be undertaken to help them change these behaviors. The symptoms and warning signs of a dysfunctional manager include; arrogance in leadership, lack of leadership performance feedback (from employees), favoritism, over-management that inhibits communication between staff members, lack of collaboration, lack of teamwork, low productivity, decline in employee morale, backstabbing, and high rate of employee absenteeism and turnover (Jones, n.d.). Consequently, with bad workplace politics and performance, employees will often distance themselves and can become uncooperative if they feel discriminated against and unappreciated. In some cases, employees will resort to sabotaging the company name, and the organization will risk losing their high performers. Furthermore, employees will lose their motivation and productivity (Jones, n.d.). Once the managers are identified, performance-oriented goals should be set to cure the bad behavior (Jones, n.d.). Fist, the organization must identify the performance issues and get feedback from employees. Employee feedback can be evaluated through an employee feedback survey. The manager must be willing to participate in the change program and recognize their bad behavior. Team-building workshops can be used to educate and train management on effective communication and conflict resolution (Jones, n.d.). If differences are still apparent after arbitration, replacement of the uncooperative management is necessary. References: Jones, M. (n.d.). Dysfunctional Leadership Dysfunctional Organization . In The Politics of failure: watch out for the warning signs of bad leadership. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from http://www.iim-edu.org/ dysfunctionalleadershipdysfunctionalorganizations/index.htm

The Changing Meaning of The Taming of The Shrew Essay -- Shakespeare T

The Changing Meaning of The Taming of The Shrew    Through the ages, it is common for words to change in meaning. As the world around us changes, words often take on new meanings to accommodate the changes in lifestyle and society caused by progress. Thus, it is easy to become confused when reading literature that was written several centuries before, since the very same words may hold varying significance. In "The Taming of the Scold," D.E. Underdown offers background information which makes Shakespeare's The Taming of The Shrew much more understandable in terms of the discordant ideas on women in society in different time periods. The Taming of the Shrew has a much different effect on contemporary readers than it may have had on 16th century readers, since the world has changed and society is vastly metamorphosed. When Shakespeare wrote The Taming of the Shrew, it was widely known that women should be subservient to their husbands. Today, however, in America this notion seems ludicrous. After the feminist movement, the fight for equality, women have gained much more liberty and respect than they once had. With the increased liberty, it is difficult to seriously consider how women were once treated as possessions. Because of the incongruity in views of the two eras, pieces like Underdown's "The Taming of the Scold" are crucial to a modern understanding of literature that deals with archaic social norms, chiefly since it puts the literature into the context of its creator's social mentality. Through Underdown's piece, I was able to achieve a much better understanding of the significance of Petruccio's "taming" o f Kate in the examples which explain the common practices and occurrences of the age. Kate experienced a chariv... ...low the direction of their leaders or rulers. Through explaining the relationship between the family and society, Underdown divulges the intent with which Shakespeare wrote the play. In Kate's surrendering to Petruccio, Shakespeare maintains familial and social order. Since words and the meaning or ideas behind them change over time, it is important to be able to put the literature into social context in order to derive from it its full meaning. Underdown addresses many issues in "The Taming of a Scold" which are relevant to Kate and Petruccio's behavior that are not known or understood today. Pieces like Underdown's serve as a bridge between two eras - the one in which the story was read and the one in which it was written. With the assistance of such pieces, it is possible for one to gather a much better understanding of the writer's meaning in the story.   

Gay Marriage Outline Essay

In early times, same-sex marriage was not considered taboo and in many cultures, it was encouraged. Random History (2011) explains that in the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, the union between couples of the same-sex was recognized by the kingdom. During Greek’s early years, attraction between a man and another man was normal and was considered an expression of love. â€Å"The main considerations in same-sex relationships in early history were often love, beauty, and excellence of character rather than gender† (Random History, 2011, p.1). Same-sex marriages were often believed to be more pure than a heterosexual marriage. Marriage was believed to be the union of two people based on love. A marriage consisting of two males or two females, if women had the right to get married, was not frowned upon. It was not until the rise of Christianity that a negative attitude towards same-sex marriage became introduced. The belief that marriage was based on pro creation and any relationship that was non-procreative began to increase in many societies. Random History’s 2011 research describes how Eastern religions varied in their views about homosexual marriages. Japanese Buddhism records the most tolerant attitude toward homosexuality, praising it for its mystery. Today, there are no religious or political limitations on homosexual behavior in Japan. Sexuality is considered a private matter and lacks any restrictions. â€Å"The sacred texts in the Hindu tradition, the Vedas, did not restrict homosexuality, but rather viewed it as perverse† (Random History, 2011, p.1). Other things, such as mixed race relationships were considered more offensive than homosexuality. Random History (2011) also explains how in the thirteenth century, the first laws banning sodomy were introduced and were strictly enforced. Through the next centuries, homosexual behavior became deviant and was punished. Due to the belief that homosexual behavior was wrong, the belief that heterosexual relationships were normal became popular among the majority of countries. By the nineteenth century, heterosexuality became the most believed standard for relationships. Although the debate for same-sex marriage became noticeably public in the late twentieth century, it was not until 1993 during a Hawaiian case, that the issue became national news. The ruling of the case stated that the restriction of marriage and its benefits to  opposite-sex couples were unconstitutional. â€Å"The Defense of Marriage Act, which was introduced in 1996, was almost a direct response to the Hawaiian case, declared that no state would be required to recognize a same-sex marriage from another state, and also defined marriage as a union between one man and one woman† (Axel-Lute, 2002, p.1). By that same year, a majority of states passed laws prohibiting same-sex marriage. Since then, states have defined their own definition of marriage. Despite the fact that the debate over same-sex marriage is relatively new in the United States, five states have made same-sex marriage legal, as well as Washington D.C. According to the Florida’s Domestic Partnership (2010), currently, there are only two states that recognize same-sex marriages, New York and California. In California, the marriage is only recognized if it was before proposition 8. Ballot Pedias 2008 research explains how proposition 8 is a statewide ballot proposition in California. The people of California voted for the illegalization of same-sex marriage. Though some people are against same-sex marriages for religious reasons, not allowing same-sex marriages is discrimination. Same-sex marriages should be legalized because the discrimination same-sex couples receive is emotionally traumatic, and unfair. The most influential reason against same-sex marriage is based on religion. Many people believe that procreation is the ideal reason for marriage. Their belief is that same-sex couples do not have the capability to produce children which is the basis for marriage. However, when two of the most influential religious icons dis cussed marriage, child bearing was not a reason for two people to get married. â€Å"It is highly significant that Jesus and Paul, while both referring to the creation story, never once mention procreation or physical sexual difference in their teaching about marriage† (Sullivan, 1997, p.79). Both men stressed how the quality of a relationship was the most important aspect for marriage. If marriage is reserved for having a child, then same-sex marriages are not an issue. â€Å"There are countless ways to ‘have’ a child. Not all of them amount to doing the same thing† (Meilander, 1996). Many same-sex couples employ artificial insemination to conceive a child. Liz Tracy’s 2011 article interviews Maria and Vivian, a lesbian couple who were married in New York last year. The two have a 21 year old daughter by artificial insemination. During a marriage ceremony, the church’s only engagement is to  give its blessing. â€Å"The church does not, in fact, marry anyone. People marry each other. The state, not the church, defines the nature of legal marriage† (Sullivan, 1997, p.68). Sullivan (1997) also states how the church has blessed fields when crops have been planted, MX missiles, new houses, and warships whose sole purpose is to kill and destroy. There is no reason the church should not bless a relationship in which two people vow to be faithful and love each other for all eternity. Supporters of same-sex marriage believe the bill to allow same-sex marriage should be crafted in a specific way that will help win votes from people of faith. â€Å"The measure would not force religious organizations to grant marriages to same-sex couples, a move that would make the government benefits of marriage equal for gay and straight couples but still allow the sacrament of marriage to be defined by churches† (Groeninger, 2012, p.2). If the bill was written and carried out in a certain way, the church would not have any association with same-sex couples getting married because the process would be carried out in a courtroom. The American gay rights movement, which became heated in the 1970’s, defined marriage as oppressive, sexist, and a heterosexual institution, according to the National Organization of Women’s 2012 studies. By the government prohibiting same-sex couples from getting married, they are denying them rights that every other American has. â€Å"Marriage is a unique legal status conferred by and recognized by governments all over the world. It brings with it a host of reciprocal obligations, rights and protections† (National Organization of Women, 2012, p, 1). There are numerous rights and responsibilities that are associated with marriage. Same-sex couples are being discriminated against because they are not allowed any of these rights. The National Organization of Women’s 2012 research details many of the 1,138 federal rights, protections and responsibilities that come along with marriage, which same-sex couples are denied. Social Security benefits upon death, disability or retirement of spouse, as well as benefits for minor children, workers’ compensation protections for the family of a worker injured on the job, exemptions from estate taxes when a spouse dies, exemptions from federal income taxes on spouse’s health insurance are all denied to same-sex couples. The discrimination and denial of marriage and its benefits of same-sex couples can be emotionally traumatic at times. â€Å"Because literally hundreds  of important legal, economic, practical, and social benefits and protections flow directly from marriage, the exclusion from this central social institution wreaks real harm on real life same-sex couples everyday† (Sullivan, 1997, p. 129). Same-sex couples are denied the right t o make decisions regarding their partner’s health or medical treatment. Sullivan (1997) also explains how same-sex couples are not allowed to adopt their partner’s children or how lesbian mothers are often denied custody of their children. One of the most common arguments against same-sex marriage is society’s image of the ideal family. â€Å"The public acceptance of homosexuality subverts the stability and self-understanding of the heterosexual family† (Sullivan, 1997, p.146). Conservatives believe that the ideal family includes one father and one mother. Both of the parents influence their children in a certain way. Many believe that a same-sex couple cannot raise a child properly because the child is not raised with both fatherly and motherly qualities. However, Sullivan (2012) also discusses how even though some parents may be disappointed that their child will not produce a grandchild, they would still prefer to see their child find someone to love and live with and share his or her life with. If a child is surrounded by two parents who love them, they will develop and grow as any other child would. Many states have legalized civil unions since 2000. Although civil unions provide legal protection to same-sex couples, they are only recognized at the state level. Many believe legalizing same-sex marriage is not an urgent issue because civil unions are becoming legal in more states. â€Å"Giving same-sex couples the right to visit a loved one in the hospital, make end of life decisions and inherit property through civil unions was considered the middle ground† (Groeninger, 2012, p.1). There is a vast amount of differences in a marriage and civil union. Debatepedia’s 2011 research explains how civil unions are separate and unequal because people in a heterosexual relationship have access to civil unions, yet same-sex couples do not have access to marriage. Civil unions are unequal because they are not recognized state to state. A same-sex couple in a civil union is denied the all of the rights that come with marriage. Also, civil unions do not receive any federal benef it. â€Å"Because the federal government does not respect civil unions, a couple with a civil union will be in a kind of limbo with regard to governmental functions  performed by both state and federal governments, such as taxation, pension protections, provision of insurance for families, and means-tested programs like Medicaid† (National Organization of Women, 2012, p.1). The debate over same-sex marriage will forever rage until it becomes legalized. Same-sex relationships have been a part of history since the ancient times. Not allowing same-sex marriage is discrimination. Couples are denied financial benefits heterosexual couples receive. Same-sex marriage should be legalized so couples will have the right to make decisions regarding their partner’s health and medical treatment as well as allowing them to adopt one another’s children. Designing the bill a certain way will enable to church to stay uninvolved, since religious reasons are the most common reason fo r people being against same-sex marriage. Legalizing same-sex marriages will create equality for all people in a relationship and defeat the injustice among same-sex couples.

Neolithic development Essay

Neolithic development is characterized by the first agricultural revolution, when people moved from hunting – gathering to agriculture and settlement. They developed tools for farming, pottery, spinning, and weaving. 2. The Hebrew is chosen by their God to go to the Promised Land. The Hebrew covenant with their god is characterized by the Ten Commandments that they have to follow throughout their lives. The Talmud is a set of discussions regarding Jewish laws, ethics, customs and history and is held important in Rabbinic Judaism. The Hebrews came to Palestine because some parts of it were defined as part of the Promised Land or Canaan. 3. It was Ahmose I who reunified Egypt in the 8th century by conquest and expulsion of the Hykos and reassertion of Egypt’s power over Nubia and Canaan. 4. It was the Sumerian people who invented taxation in order to make taxation easier. Sumerian scribes are record keepers, which are usually for the records of taxation. Mesopotamia was generally polytheistic, or the belief in many gods. These gods are the ones which provided them whatever they needed to survive. With the harsh environment of the Middle East, these people adapted laws that would punish offenders severely so as to avoid repetition of crimes. Egyptian and Mesopotamian religions differ with the gods they rule and the characteristics of these gods. 5. After Solomon’s death, the Hebrew state became separated, as the ten northern tribes revolted and successfully seceded to create their own kingdoms. 6. The Battle of Kadesh marked the first international peace treaty ever made, and it was between Egyptians and the Hittites. 7. Assyrians maintained political cohesion and military preparedness because they all followed only one rule, and that is of their King. 8. The Magi is a group of people from Media who were known for their religious and funerary practices of the people of ancient Persia. Zend-avesta refers to the interpretation of the Avesta or the primary collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism in the Avestan language. Zoroaster taught religion and philosophy, about the universe and the struggle between truths and lies. Ahriman is basically the demon in Zoroastrianism and Ahura Mazda is the god. Satraps are the governors of Median and Persian empires. 9. The weaknesses of the human condition can be overcome by not overindulging or by following a simple life. Attachment and craving can be ceased by following the eightfold path. Nirvana is the state of being of a person wherein he is free from suffering and the cycle of being reborn. Human beings, like all things are impermanent, and there is no constant self. Human existence can be associated with suffering. 10. Jains preach that by cultivating a person’s own personal wisdom and control, he can achieve spiritual development. According to the Bhagavad Gita, the human condition is temporary and can still transcend to a supreme being. Dharma is the duty of a person that he must fulfill. Upanishads teach about the universal spirit and the individual soul and how both asserts an identity in an individual. Here, ascetism is characterized by doing away with wants and desires and following a life away from human indulgence. 11. Zhou China boasted of an organized medical system wherein physicians have specialties. Zhou was different in the aspect of government because it became feudal. Mandate of heaven means that the rulers are legitimately blessed by the heavens, and if the heaven would be displeased, the mandate would be revoked. 12. Yao, Shun, and Yu are the holy and virtuous mythical rulers of China who divided it into its regions. According to Confucius, the family is the basic unit of the society. A just and peaceful society would be obtained if people follow the rules. Mutual obligation would only be evident in the family, of parent and child and of husband and wife. 13. Yin and yang are the two opposing forces in any phenomenon. They are at the same time complimentary, and this is the basis of the system of correspondence in the Chinese philosophy and study of science. Daoism teaches reverence for nature, as it is a way of life. Han Feizi taught Legalism, wherein the ruler should be the one that controls the state. This is based on the concepts of his position of power, certain techniques and laws. Sima quan is a scribe of emperor Wu who made detailed biographies of Royal affairs. Tang is known as the period of golden age for arts and literature, as they called for perfection in one’s skills if they ever wished to pass the examinations of the empire. 14. Geography affected the development of Greece because it is surrounded by other areas. This made Greece a melting pot of intellectuals though this made them vulnerable to the advances of invaders. Hoplites are the soldiers of Ancient Greek, while Polis is the city state itself. Agora on the other hand, is an open place of assembly for the Greeks. Women in Athens are revered and treated highly while women in Sparta are treated inferior to the males. Messenian helots were mistreated and humiliated, and a Spartan can do anything he desire without fear of punishment to a Messenian helot. Greek’s defeat of Persia boosted their confidence and has set forward to more conquests. 15. Sophists taught philosophy and rhetoric. Socrates taught using the Socratic Method wherein you have to ask a series of questions in order to learn. He taught politics, philosophy, ethics, and many more. Socrates was executed because of his pursuit of virtue and truth, and he has praised Sparta which is the rival of Athens. Women were given more importance in the public affairs in the Hellenistic society. Solon was the founding father of the Athenian polis. Greek drama originated from Greek tragedy, wherein performances were made in various festivities. Epicurus advocated for a life without pain and with the pursuit of pleasure. 16. Mystery religion restricted to those who underwent certain secret rites or process. Greek religion is highly based on what the current ruler believes in, and the people would just follow suit. Philip II unified Greek by conquering the lands and using a great destructive army to threaten enemies to submission. The consequence of Alexander’s conquest of Macedonia is that many people aspired for his power, and when he died, the empire was divided. 17. The Bactrian camel was important because it was the only means of travel that could withstand the long arduous trade route for the Chinese. Hans used advance technologies, like cast iron and steel. Han cities were advanced with efficient agriculture and iron industry. In order to solve the poverty among peasantry, some rich Han people were stripped of their land and was given to the peasants for them to work on. The Hans invent Hydraulic powered hammer for agriculture and iron sector and winnowing machine for agriculture. Emperor Wu expanded the Chinese territory, nearly doubling its size. Buddhism in these countries aimed to resolve the problems in a simpler way of life. Korean Buddhism made variations to it because of its inconsistencies. Shinto is a Japanese religion that was native of the country and was considered once as the state religion of Japan.

Amiable vs. Amicable

Amiable vs. Amicable Amiable vs. Amicable Amiable vs. Amicable By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between amiable and amicable? Their etymology is identical, but their senses are distinct. Amiable means â€Å"agreeable,† â€Å"friendly,† suggesting a person or an experience marked by a congenial personality or atmosphere: â€Å"He seems like the amiable sort†; â€Å"They were engaged in an amiable conversation.† The word ultimately derives from amicus, the Latin word for â€Å"friend,† which is related to amare, meaning â€Å"love.† (The latter term is the basis of amatory and amorous, both of which refer to sexual feelings.) Amicus itself was borrowed into English as a legal term; it is part of the phrase â€Å"amicus curiae† (sometimes shortened simply to amicus), which translates literally to â€Å"friend of the court† and refers to an individual or an organization that files an amicus brief or otherwise requests of a court the opportunity to weigh in about a legal issue. Amicus also survives in the Spanish word amigo, which means â€Å"friend† and is sometimes used as such in American English. Amicable means â€Å"peaceable, marked by goodwill, as in â€Å"We were relieved when we came to an amicable understanding about the issue.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?How to Punctuate Descriptions of Colors30 Words Invented by Shakespeare

Generic Drug Profile : Salbutamol Generic Drug Profile - Salbutamol

New Zealand trade names: Ventolin, Respigen, Salamol, Asthalin, Salapin and Broncolin. Drug Class: Therapeutic class: bronchodilator. Pharmacologic class: sympathomimetic (stimulates the sympathetic nervous system). It is also classified as a SABA (short acting ÃŽ ²2-agonist). Formulations: The most common administration is by inhalation of a pressurised metered dose aerosol. Inhalation of Salbutamol directly reaches the lungs and acts rapidly with fewer side effects, but only 10-25% is actively absorbed as the remainder is swallowed (Orion Phama, 2015). Oral administrations by tablet and syrup forms are used by patients who can’t manage the inhaled route. Salbutamol has a lower onset of action via the oral route and 50% of the dosage is absorbed from the intestinal tract (Salbutamol, 2014). Salbutamol can also be given intravenously for severe or life threatening asthma. It may also be given by intramuscular injection. Patients are best treated with single-ingredient ÃŽ ²2-agonist preparations so dose adjustment is simple (NZ Formularya, 2015). Indications: Salbutamol is a ÃŽ ²2-agonist which causes bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscles on the bronchiole. It is a reliever of bronchospasms in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and emphysema. It provides short acting but instant bronchodilation to reverse airways obstruction. Inhalation of Salbutamol has an onset period of 5-15 minutes and lasts for 2-5 hours. Salbutamol isIs the Illegalization of Marijuana Valid? Is The Illegalization of Marijuana Valid? The debate over the legalization of Cannabis sativa, more commonly known as marijuana, has been one of the most heated controversies ever to occur in the United States. Its use as a medicine has existed for thousands of years in many countries world wide and is documented as far back as 2700 BC in ancient Chinese writings. When someone says ganja, cannabis, bung, dope, grass, rasta, or weed, they are talking about the same subject: marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized because the government could earn money from taxes on its sale, its value to the medical world outweighs its abuse potential, and because of its importance to the paper and clothing industries. This action should be taken The first step in Martin Luther King Jr.’s nonviolent campaign is collection of facts to determine whether injustices are alive, which is what Antigone does when hearing about the death of both of her brothers. What! Has not Creon to the tomb preferred One of our brothers, and with contumely Withheld it from the other? Eteocles Duly, they say, even as by law was due, He hid beneath the earth, rendering him honour Among the dead below; but the dead body Of Polynices, miserably slain, They say it has been given out publicly None may bewail, none bury, all must leave Unwept, unsepulchred, a dainty prize For fowl that watch, gloating upon their prey! This is the matter he has proclaimed – Excellent Creon! (Sophocles 2). Antigone is talking to Ismene and telling her all she has heard about the injustice that she has heard that Creon has created. She is very frustrated and wants only to bury her brother so he may have a peaceful afterlife and not go to the underworld or be stuck in purgatory. Creon’s edict stating Polynices cannot be buried under any circumstances is harsh because Creon most likely would have revolted against his brother if he was banish from Thebes just so he wouldn’t have to share the throne. After Antigone gathers upThe Country Of Brazil : Brazil Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world and the largest in Latin America. Its limits are: To the north, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana; to the south, Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay; To the east, the Atlantic Ocean; And to the west, Peru and Bolivia. The capital of Brazil is Brasilia. Brazil occupies almost half of the South American territory. Brazil has borders with all South American co untries except Chile and Ecuador. The most important cities in Brazil are Sà £o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. (theapricity.com) Landforms of Brazil Brazil is divided into five primary geographic areas: The Southern Highlands, the Norther Guiana, Brazilian Highlands central and east, the massive Amazon River Basin, Pantanal wetland areas of the southwest. Guiana Highlands The Guiana Highlands composed mainly of flat-topped mountains extending in a roughly east-to-west direction across the north of the country. Guiana has approximately a territorial extension of 214,970 square kilometers. They are home to Brazil 's highest point. The Guiana Highlands feature plunging waterfalls and deep waterfalls. Amazon Basin To the south of the Guiana Highlands lie the lowlands of the Amazon Basin. The Amazon Basin covers an area of 6,122,726 km ², and covers lands in several countries of South America: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and Bolivia. Brazil is the one that has more extension in the Amazon Basin. The largest tropical rainforest

Domestic Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Domestic Violence - Essay Example Ironically, one in six women who experience abuse report that they were abused when they were pregnant. Pregnancy is believed to be â€Å"a common trigger of domestic violence† (BabyCenter, 2012). According to Gazmararian et al (2000), violence from an abusive partner during pregnancy is more common than pregnancy-induced hypertension, placenta previa, and gestational diabetes. The number of pregnant women subject to violence in the United States ranges from 156, 000 to 332, 000 annually (Gazmararian et al, 2000). Up to one fifth of deaths related to pregnancy have been found to result from murder (Horon & Cheng, 2001). Violence during pregnancy is a form of Intimate Partner Violence or IBV. The latter has been defined as either physical or sexual violence or violence threat, as well as emotional abuse (psychological abuse) or coercive behaviour when the physical or sexual behaviour between partners has already taken place (Bloom, Bullock, Sharps, Laughon, and Parker, 2010). I t has been observed that intimate partner violence consists of coercive and assaulting behaviours demonstrated by that partner who wants to control the other. In particular, these behaviours include inflicting physical injuries, abusing the partner emotionally and sexually, intimidation, isolation, stalking, deprivation, and threats (Family Violence Prevention Fund, 2004 in Bloom, Bullock, Sharps, Laughon, and Parker, 2010). Health consequences of violence during pregnancy affect both mothers and children (foetuses). One of the most dramatic outcomes is miscarriage. Miscarriages take away lives of mothers together with foetuses or just foetuses. Statistically, direct assaults increase the probability of lethal... This paper stresses that physical reactions in children that stem from constant stress include headaches, rashes, asthma, constipation, developmental delays, ulcers, problems of hearing and speech, and pain in the abdomen. Babies have been found to have attachment problems, while preschoolers are especially subject to worry, sleeping problems, and nightmares. Adolescents who grew up in abusive environments demonstrate increased violence. Their behavior gets aggressive and disruptive; girls become withdrawn, anxious, passive, and clinging. Children may also have impaired concentration and often demonstrate poorer academic skills. According to recent research, those children who grew in abusive homes are more likely to become alcoholics, drug abusers, and smokers. Besides, they are more prone to such diseases as skeletal fractures, ischemic heart disease, and cancer in adulthood. In terms of mental health, such children are likely to grow into adults subject to depression, with low-est eem, and anxiety disorders. This report mmakes a conclusion that nurses need to get actively involved into solving problems related to domestic violence both through prevention, treatment, and psychological support of victims. It is important to develop an adequate knowledge base of various aspects of domestic violence. Importantly, nurses should be able to proficiently identify and assess victims’ physical and mental conditions, and intervene through support, information sharing, and treatment.

Discussion #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion #1 - Essay Example It began its operations in 1972. This survey involves asking and interviewing people about their experiences with crime. This method is best for knowing and recording unreported crimes. The major difference between this and uniform crime report (UCR) method is that the former method proved to be successful in providing researchers and analysts with its results. Meaning those cities and other areas which showed lower crime rates under UCR showed high percentage of crimes when measured by victimization survey. Victimization survey is unable to measure commercial crimes which were measured under UCR. This method involves making up of surveys and questionnaires. It is used to measure the attitudes, values and personal characteristics which help to measure the extent of various crimes (â€Å"Criminal justice statistics†, 2012) this data collection technique is used mostly by academic researchers and private foundations. According to Mark Twain (2012) monitoring future project and National youth survey are the example of self report survey .Since this method involves making up of own surveys therefore problem of its reliability and validity arises most of the time. Moreover many people are of the view that this type of survey becomes the victim of researcher bias and measurement errors. There are advantages and disadvantages which are associated with each data collection method. Hence it is difficult to conclude which method is the best among all. But weighing the pros and cons of each method it is found that National Crime Victimization Survey method is the best among all of three. There are several reasons on the basis of which this method is chosen firstly because this method provides information which has not been even reported to authorities or in uniform crime report. Secondly it discloses more data on individual

Management Info Systems Class Discussion wk7 Essay

Management Info Systems Class Discussion wk7 - Essay Example The service-oriented application implements the endpoints of a fine-grained web service. It is easier to talk about the various types of web applications based on their use. For example, social networking websites entails; Face book, Xanga. Internet search engines may involve Google, hot mail, and yahoo. Web services facilitate the access to internet resources. Primary services of the internet include e-mail, tenets, and mailing lists (Bidgoli, 2002). Web 2.0 is the constant development of internet expertise and interface. It is a model that center of attention is towards transforming the web into a catalog through social networks and other online resources. Internet2 provides grounds for testing networking setting where learning institutions such as universities and government laboratories team up and build up highly developed Internet technologies such as digital libraries, and essential laboratories (Aharony, 2009). The Internet2 community at present is comprised of more than four million individuals and with more than three hundred member organizations. While the technology is growing, so is the need for better and advanced quicker Internet connections. The manner in which content is presented via the web has also changed drastically over the years. Capabilities to bold and produce wording in diverse colors on a web page ten years ago was something to admire but today database-driven websites, animations, online gaming and streaming, e-commerce and are standards. The primary function of all web applications is to ease the achievement of one or more tasks (Adar, Zhang, Adamic & Lukose, 2004). The two most useful internet services are the e-mail and the mailing lists. They create the grounds for Sharing of information, Research methodology and rare sources and documents, and Findings advice. Emails are useful in that they are cost efficient, increases speed of information transferability

Industrial Relations and Trade Unions in Brazil

Industrial Relations and Trade Unions in Brazil Introduction The development of the Brazilian system of industrial relations and its trade union movement, like in any other country is embedded in the formation of a sector of wage labor.  The debate on trade unions and industrial relations systems is unison in recognize a crisis in the labor movement that developed since the 1980s decade, and much of the efforts were spent identifying the causes of the crisis and exploring pathways to overcome it. However, the debate was stated looking mainly to the situation of the developed countries, specially the US and Western Europe, and the immense diversity of scenarios on the Global South were kept at the fringes of the academic discussion. Part of the explanation is that the theory of industrial relations and trade unions, depends of the existence of a free population performing wage labor. As the most of the Global South was kept under colonial systems sometimes as far as the 1970s decade, and the labor regimes were much more similar to slavery or serfdom than to the regimes in Western societies, the wage labor in those regions has received few attention since the early developments of the fields. Although being achieved independence from Portugal in 1822, the slavery was abolished only in 1888, giving birth to the Brazilian Research Question: Literature Review: As the thesis proposed is divided in three main sections, also the literature can be grouped in three relatively independent bodies. First, the effort to describe the Brazilian industrial relations system and the current role of trade unions start with the normative environment expressed in the Brazilian laws, mainly the Consolidation of Labor Laws (Consolidaà §Ãƒ £o das Leis do Trabalho), enacted in 1943 in the period of Getà ºlio Vargas dictatorship, in autocratic manner, and despite being updated that is still under effect The notion that workers have some power resources is present implicitly in the labor theories of value, and the assumption of the central role of labor in production brings the seed of the idea of structural power. As a development of this centrality of labor, the motto â€Å"Workers of the world, unite!† is the recognition that the organization of workers is able to create power. In that way, most of the authors that considered the workers and the working class for analysis assume the existence and/or the possibility of creation of power resources and its relations with labor conflicts. However, to provide a clearer theoretical referential, is necessary to narrow the concept towards a tipification of the power resources available to workers. The first sources to be considered is Perrone (1983, 1984) unfinished articles, both edited by Eric O. Wright. Aiming to operationalize a variable that explain the strike behavior and the wage levels in different economic sectors, the author presents a definition of â€Å"positional power†[1] as the potential of a certain group of workers to generate disruption in the economic structure. In that sense, as higher the interdependence of the whole economy to a sector, higher is the positional power of the workers in that sector. To measure this variable Perrone uses an input-output matrix to account the dependence of the economy to a specific sector. The findings of the study is that despite the positional power can explain quite well differences in wage levels, the variable isnt sufficient to explain the strike propensity. Concerned with the noncorrelation between positional power and the propensity to strike, Eric O. Wright, in the postscript of Perrone (1984), begins developing the concept of organizational power. He proposes the disruptive potential does not automatically leads to an effective bargaining power of workers, since a group of workers can be present low levels of solidarity and weak organizational resources. However, he sees the positional power as the main determinant of organizational power, assuming the disruptive potential as determinant of the cost-benefit trade-off in organizing and conducing collective actions. Wright states that we should expect very few cases of low organizational power in high positional power situation or the inverse. Wright (2000) evolves his concept to â€Å"associational power†, as the various forms of power that results from the collective organizations of workers, including â€Å"such things as unions and parties but may also include a variety of other forms, such as works councils or forms of institutional representation of workers on boards of directors in schemes of worker codetermination, or even, in  certain circumstances, community organizations†(p. 962). He maintain the concept of structural power as the resultant of the location of workers within the economic system. Analyzing the sites of class compromise, the author recognizes that is possible that an increasing in the associational power of workers can benefit the employers interests. He presents three institutional spheres of class conflict and consequently, sites where class compromise can be forged: the sphere of exchange, concerning labor market and all sort of commodity markets, being the labor unions as the ex pression of the associational power in this sphere; the sphere of production, meaning the intra-firm relations, the labor processes and technological patterns, and the works councils as the expression of workers associational power; the sphere of politics, concerning the shaping and execution of state policies and the management of the state-enforced rules, with the political parties being the form of the associational power of workers. Seeking to understand the mechanisms that allows these different forms of workers associational power to forge positive compromises with the employers. The main feature on the Wrights notion of power resources, for the purpose of the present proposal, is that he assumes workers organizations, for instance unions, works councils and labor parties as the same as workers power. This strong assumption disregards many concepts in industrial relations literature, by typifying the forms that workers organizations can assume. First, the different structures presented arent common to the different industrial relations and political systems. Second, ignore the movement/organization dualism tracked by Hyman (2004:2-3, 2000:60-1) trough the theory of trade unions. Third, other authors see a very different nature of workers power, as presented below. Elaborating the positional/structural source of workers power while looking to the workers in mass production industries, Arrighi and Silver (1984) divide the concept in market-place bargaining power of workers, as the power embodied in the scarcity of a specific skill possessed by workers, and in workplace bargaining power, as the â€Å"power of workers when they are expending they labor-power within the course of capitalist labor process†(pp 193-4). Although the concept is still incipient, it leads to a further strong development, presented in Silver (2005). In this paper, she recover the concept of Wright (2000) for the associational power and put in detail the structural power and its subtypes: marketplace bargaining power that results directly from the labor markets, an can take several forms, as â€Å"(1) the possession of scarce skills that are in demand by employers, (2) low levels of general unemployment, and (3) the ability of workers to pull out of the labor market entirely and survive on nonwage sources of income†(2005:13), and workplace bargaining power, identical to the Perrones concept of positional power. The conceptualization then is used to measure the in what extent the transformations in the organization of production and the proccess of globalization affected the workers power. Based in large extent in the same theoretical framework developed by Wright and Silver, the Jenas â€Å"power resource approach† (Dà ¶rre et al., 2009) contribute adding a new dimension to the dimensions of workers power, the institutional power, meaning the incorporation of the organizational and structural power into social institutions. They argue that Silver ignored this dimension of power, what is very improbable, since she assumes that the â€Å"associational power has been embedded in state legal frameworks that guaranteed such things as the right to form trade unions as well as the obligation of employers to bargain collectively with trade unions†(2005:14). The authors, with help of others, advance in the conceptualization of workers power, adding a new dimension, the societal power (Dà ¶rre and Schmalz, 2013). The authors then build an explicit typification of the various dimensions of power, presented below. Structural Power Associational Power Institutional Power Societal Power Forms of practice Interruption of capital appropriation Formation of workers Reference to chartered rights Interaction with other societal actors Shop floor level Labor unrest Job change Workers committee Works council Shop stewards Works constitution Cooperation and discursive power exceed inevitably the boundaries between these distinct levels Inter-company level Economic strikes Trade unions Free collective bargaining Societal level Political strikes Workers parties Constitution Laws and legislation Of course this typification is not the only one possible, and others will be considered and treated in the further research process for the master thesis, in order to compare and integrate, if valuable and feasible, to the theoretical framework. In advance, two alternative approaches, although being largely intersected, will be examined, namely the typifications developed by Donna McGuire and Christian Là ©vesque and Gregor Murray various articles. (tipyfication not valid all the times, organisation dont means power because of bureacratization, but related with Jena PRA â€Å"organisational power is a resource that can only be acquired through strategically planned collective action and formal organisation† WP and WO only are close related when the workers have the control of the organisationparties can serve to indivudual promotion or pursuit political power per se, WC can be coopted by management or signify promotion on carrer, and unions can develop leaders dettached from its social basis (trough institutionalisation) [1]The author uses â€Å"positional power† and â€Å"structural power† as sinonyms.